samedi 7 décembre 2013

BIOGRAPHIES DE NELSON MANDELA


COURTE BIOGRAPHIE ET CITATIONS
Nelson Mandela naît le 18 juillet 1918 dans le village de Mvezo, en Afrique du Sud. Il est le fils d'un chef de tribu, membre de la famille royale des Thembus.
Nelson Mandela s'appelle en réalité Rolihlahla, mais une institutrice comme le voulait la coutume et influencée par la langue anglaise lui donne le nom de Nelson.
Il passe son enfance à Qunu, mais son père meurt en 1927. Le régent des Thembus adopte Nelson.
Ses études se poursuivent au collège de Clarkebury puis au lycée de Healdtown, et enfin à l'université pour la population Noire de Fort Hare.
En 1941, une dispute avec son tuteur le fait quitter sa ville pour rejoindre la ville de Johannesburg.
Il s'engage en politique en participant d'abord aux réunions tenues chez Walter Sisulu. Avec les amis qu'il y rencontre, il fonde en 1944 la Ligue des jeunes pour le parti de l'ANC (African National Congress).
L'organisation prône une opposition pacifique et l'abolition des lois d'apartheid. Nelson Mandela accède à la tête de l'ANC du Transvaal en 1952 et ouvre le premier cabinet d'avocats Noirs à Johannesburg.
Pour avoir rédigé une partie d'une "Charte de la liberté", Nelson Mandela est arrêté, mais est acquitté.
Après avoir eu quatre enfants avec Evelyn Ntoko Mase qu'il marie en 1944, Nelson Mandela noue une seconde union en 1958 avec Nomzamo Winnifred Madikizela, avec qui il a deux filles.
La situation s'aggrave en Afrique du Sud lorsqu'en 1960, soixante-neuf manifestants d'un parti dissident de l'ANC, meurent après la répression policière. L'ANC est en effet alors interdit.
Constatant que l'opposition pacifique est inefficace, Nelson Mandela met en place en 1961 Umkhonto weSizwe, soit "la lance de la nation", qui lutte avec les armes et mène des opérations de sabotage.
En exil pour continuer le combat, il parcourt l'Afrique et parvient même à Londres. La presse relate ses exploits, mais Nelson Mandela est arrêté en 1962 et ses camarades en 1963. Il est alors condamné à la prison à vie.
Prisonniers, le groupe parvient à poursuivre des études, tandis que les contestations contre l'apartheid prennent de l'ampleur. Nelson Mandela est érigé en icône de la lutte, et sa libération est exigée par une large partie de population.
Malgré des tentatives de négociations pour libérer Mandela, celui-ci ne sort de prison qu'en 1990, grâce au départ de Botha, remplacé par le président Frederik De Klerk.
Dès sa libération, Nelson Mandela est élu en 1991 président de l'ANC. Il reçoit le prix Nobel de la paix avec Frederik De Klerk en 1993 pour ses efforts de négociations entre Blancs et Noirs, pour sa résistance face aux menaces qui lui sont adressées.
Son travail est couronné de succès en 1994, le 27 avril, lors qu'il participe pour la premières fois à des élections libres où Blancs et Noirs peuvent se présenter. Il est élu président de la République quelques jours plus tard, le 9 mai. Son mandat est marqué par la volonté de redresser une "nation arc-en-ciel", c'est-à-dire une nouvelle société sud-africaine après la fin de l'apartheid.
Nelson Mandela s'éteint à l'âge de 95 ans à son domicile de Johannesburg, le 5 décembre 2013. Ses obsèques auront lieu dix jours plus tard, le 15 décembre à Qunu.
 
Les citations suivantes peuvent tout à fait s'insérer dans la courte biographie présentée ci-dessus.
« En faisant scintiller notre lumière, nous offrons aux autres la possibilité d'en faire autant. »
Citation de Nelson Mandela, Extrait du Discours d’investiture - 10 mai 1994
« Aucun de nous, en agissant seul, ne peut atteindre le succès. »
Citation de Nelson Mandela, Extrait du Discours d’investiture - 10 mai 1994
« J'ai appris que le courage n'est pas l'absence de peur, mais la capacité de la vaincre. »
Citation de Nelson Mandela, Un long chemin vers la liberté, 1994
« Il est difficile d'expliquer à quelqu'un qui a les idées étroites qu'être "éduqué" ne signifie pas seulement savoir lire et écrire et avoir une licence, mais qu'un  illettré peut être un électeur bien plus "éduqué" que quelqu'un qui possède des diplômes. »
Citation de Nelson Mandela, Un long chemin vers la liberté, 1994
« Un homme qui prive un autre homme de sa liberté est prisonnier de la haine, des préjugés et de l'étroitesse d'esprit. »
Citation de Nelson Mandela, Un long chemin vers la liberté, 1994
« Je ne suis pas vraiment libre si je prive quelqu'un d'autre de sa liberté. L'opprimé et l'oppresseur sont tous deux dépossédés de leur humanité. »
Citation de Nelson Mandela, Un long chemin vers la liberté, 1994
« La politique peut être renforcée par la musique, mais la musique a une puissance qui défie la politique. »
Citation de Nelson Mandela, Un long chemin vers la liberté, 1994
« Pour faire la paix avec un ennemi, on doit travailler avec cet ennemi, et cet ennemi devient votre associé. »
Citation de Nelson Mandela, Un long chemin vers la liberté, 1994
« Etre libre, ce n'est pas seulement se débarrasser de ses chaînes ; c'est vivre d'une façon qui respecte et renforce la liberté des autres. »
Citation de Nelson Mandela, Un long chemin vers la liberté, 1994
 

BIOGRAPHY (cf Fondation Nelson Mandela)
Rolihlahla Mandela was born into the Madiba clan in Mvezo, Transkei, on July 18, 1918, to Nonqaphi Nosekeni and Nkosi Mphakanyiswa Gadla Mandela, principal counsellor to the Acting King of the Thembu people, Jongintaba Dalindyebo.
His father died when he was a child and the young Rolihlahla became a ward of Jongintaba at the Great Place in Mqhekezweni. Hearing the elder’s stories of his ancestor’s valour during the wars of resistance, he dreamed also of making his own contribution to the freedom struggle of his people.
He attended primary school in Qunu where his teacher Miss Mdingane gave him the name Nelson, in accordance with the custom to give all school children “Christian” names.
He completed his Junior Certificate at Clarkebury Boarding Institute and went on to Healdtown, a Wesleyan secondary school of some repute, where he matriculated.
Nelson Mandela began his studies for a Bachelor of Arts Degree at the University College of Fort Hare but did not complete the degree there as he was expelled for joining in a student protest. He completed his BA through the University of South Africa and went back to Fort Hare for his graduation in 1943.
On his return to the Great Place at Mkhekezweni the King was furious and said if he didn’t return to Fort Hare he would arrange wives for him and his cousin Justice. They ran away to Johannesburg instead arriving there in 1941. There he worked as a mine security officer and after meeting Walter Sisulu, an estate agent, who introduced him to Lazar Sidelsky. He then did his articles through the firm of attorneys Witkin Eidelman and Sidelsky.
Meanwhile he began studying for an LLB at the University of the Witwatersrand. By his own admission he was a poor student and left the university in 1948 without graduating. He only started studying again through the University of London and also did not complete that degree.
In 1989, while in the last months of his imprisonment, he obtained an LLB through the University of South Africa. He graduated in absentia at a ceremony in Cape Town.
Nelson Mandela, while increasingly politically involved from 1942, only joined the African National Congress in 1944 when he helped formed the ANC Youth League.
In 1944 he married Walter Sisulu’s cousin Evelyn Mase, a nurse. They had two sons Madiba Thembekile ‘Thembi’ and Makgatho and two daughters both called Makaziwe, the first of whom died in infancy. They effectively separated in 1955 and divorced in 1958.
Nelson Mandela rose through the ranks of the ANCYL and through its work the ANC adopted in 1949 a more radical mass-based policy, the Programme of Action.
In 1952 he was chosen at the National Volunteer-in-Chief of the Defiance Campaign with Maulvi Cachalia as his Deputy. This campaign of civil disobedience against six unjust laws was a joint programme between the ANC and the South African Indian Congress. He and 19 others were charged under the Suppression of Communism Act for their part in the campaign and sentenced to nine months hard labour suspended for two years.
A two-year diploma in law on top of his BA allowed Nelson Mandela to practice law and in August 1952 he and Oliver Tambo established South Africa’s first black law firm, Mandela and Tambo.
At the end of 1952 he was banned for the first time. As a restricted person he was only able to secretly watch as the Freedom Charter was adopted at Kliptown on 26 June 1955.
Nelson Mandela was arrested in a countrywide police swoop of 156 activists on 5 December 1955, which led to the 1956 Treason Trial. Men and women of all races found themselves in the dock in the marathon trial that only ended when the last 28 accused, including Mr. Mandela were acquitted on 29 March 1961.
On 21 March 1960 police killed 69 unarmed people in a protest at Sharpeville against the pass laws. This led to the country’s first state of emergency on 31 March and the banning of the ANC and the Pan Africanist Congress on 8 April. Nelson Mandela and his colleagues in the Treason Trial were among the thousands detained during the state of emergency.
During the trial on 14 June 1958 Nelson Mandela married a social worker Winnie Madikizela. They had two daughters Zenani and Zindziswa. The couple divorced in 1996.
Days before the end of the Treason Trial Nelson Mandela travelled to Pietermaritzburg to speak at the All-in Africa Conference, which resolved he should write to Prime Minister Verwoerd requesting a non-racial national convention, and to warn that should he not agree there would be a national strike against South Africa becoming a republic. As soon as he and his colleagues were acquitted in the Treason Trial Nelson Mandela went underground and began planning a national strike for 29, 30 and 31 March. In the face of a massive mobilization of state security the strike was called off early. In June 1961 he was asked to lead the armed struggle and helped to establish Umkhonto weSizwe (Spear of the Nation).
On 11 January 1962 using the adopted name David Motsamayi, Nelson Mandela left South Africa secretly. He travelled around Africa and visited England to gain support for the armed struggle. He received military training in Morocco and Ethiopia and returned to South Africa in July 1962. He was arrested in a police roadblock outside Howick on 5 August while returning from KwaZulu-Natal where he briefed ANC President Chief Albert Luthuli about his trip.
He was charged with leaving the country illegally and inciting workers to strike. He was convicted and sentenced to five years imprisonment which he began serving in Pretoria Local Prison. On 27 May 1963 he was transferred to Robben Island and returned to Pretoria on 12 June. Within a month police raided a secret hide-out in Rivonia used by ANC and Communist Party activists and several of his comrades were arrested.
In October 1963 Nelson Mandela joined nine others on trial for sabotage in what became known as the Rivonia Trial.  Facing the death penalty his words to the court at the end of his famous ‘Speech from the Dock’ on 20 April 1964 became immortalized:
“I have fought against white domination, and I have fought against black domination. I have cherished the ideal of a democratic and free society in which all persons live together in harmony and with equal opportunities. It is an ideal which I hope to live for and to achieve. But if needs be, it is an ideal for which I am prepared to die.” 
On 11 June 1964 Nelson Mandela and seven other accused Walter Sisulu, Ahmed Kathrada, Govan Mbeki, Raymond Mhlaba, Denis Goldberg, Elias Motsoaledi and Andrew Mlangeni were convicted and the next day were sentenced to life imprisonment. Denis Goldberg was sent to Pretoria Prison because he was white while the others went to Robben Island.
Nelson Mandela’s mother died in 1968 and his eldest son Thembi in 1969. He was not allowed to attend their funerals.
On 31 March 1982 Nelson Mandela was transferred to Pollsmoor Prison in Cape Town with Sisulu, Mhlaba and Mlangeni. Kathrada joined them in October. When he returned to the prison in November 1985 after prostate surgery Nelson Mandela was held alone. Justice Minister Kobie Coetsee had visited him in hospital. Later Nelson Mandela initiated talks about an ultimate meeting between the apartheid government and the ANC.
In 1988 he was treated for Tuberculosis and was transferred on 7 December 1988 to a house at Victor Verster Prison near Paarl. He was released from its gates on Sunday 11 February 1990, nine days after the unbanning of the ANC and the PAC and nearly four months after the release of the remaining Rivonia comrades. Throughout his imprisonment he had rejected at least three conditional offers of release.
Nelson Mandela immersed himself into official talks to end white minority rule and in 1991 was elected ANC President to replace his ailing friend Oliver Tambo. In 1993 he and President FW de Klerk jointly won the Nobel Peace Prize and on 27 April 1994 he voted for the first time in his life.
On 10 May 1994 he was inaugurated South Africa’s first democratically elected President. On his 80th birthday in 1998 he married Graça Machel, his third wife.
True to his promise Nelson Mandela stepped down in 1999 after one term as President. He continued to work with the Nelson Mandela Children’s Fund he set up in 1995 and established the Nelson Mandela Foundation and The Mandela-Rhodes Foundation.
In April 2007 his grandson Mandla Mandela became head of the Mvezo Traditional Council at a ceremony at the Mvezo Great Place.
Nelson Mandela never wavered in his devotion to democracy, equality and learning. Despite terrible provocation, he never answered racism with racism. His life has been an inspiration to all who are oppressed and deprived, to all who are opposed to oppression and deprivation.
 

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